Prerequisites: FREN 3010 and FREN 3020 or SPAN 3010 and SPAN 3020. This course addresses some of the main issues that have informed the general reflection on translation in the West over the past two thousand years. By examining statements from philosophers, linguistics, theologians, authors, political leaders, and activists, students learn to appreciate the diversity with which translation has been understood and practiced throughout the ages and develop a critical apparatus to question the traditional understanding of the relationships between the original and translated text and between author and translator.